Cyfeiriadau draidd

Talfyriadau

AKI
Anaf acíwt i’r arennau
ARF
Methiant arennol acíwt
ATN
Necrosis tiwbaidd acíwt
CKD
Clefyd cronig yr arennau
eGFR
Cyfradd hidlo glomerwlaidd a amcangyfrifir
GFR
Cyfradd hidlo glomerwlaidd
NCEPOD
Ymholiad Cyfrinachol Cenedlaethol i Ddeilliannau a Marwolaethau Cleifion

Geirfa

Rhydwelïynnau afferol: Pibell waed sydd yn cyflenwi gwaed i’r glomerwlws  Ymagorir gan PGE2.
Rhydwelïynnau efferol:  Pibell waed sydd yn draenio gwaed o’r glomerwlws,  Caiff ei chau gan angiotensin II.
Glomerwlws: ‘Uned hidlo’ yr arennau.  Cyfanswm o tua 1 miliwn.  Mae wedi ei wneud yn bennaf o ‘dwffyn’ o bibellau gwaed arbenigol, y mae eu waliau yn ‘rhwystr’ ble mae hidlo yn digwydd.

  1. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31.
  2. Selby NM, Crowley L, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW, Monaghan J, Lawson N, et al. Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Apr;7(4):533-40.
  3. NCEPOD. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Acute kidney injury: adding insult to injury. 2009.
  4. NICE. Could Preventing Acute Kidney Injury Hold The Key To Cutting The Number Of Avoidable Deaths On The NHS?2013
  5. NICE. AKI Summary for General Practice. 2013.
  6. Feest TG, Round A, Hamad S. Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study. BMJ. 1993 Feb 20;306(6876):481-3.
  7. Metcalfe W, Simpson M, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, Simpson K, Smith WC, et al. Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome. QJM. 2002 Sep;95(9):579-83.
  8. Stevens PE, Tamimi NA, Al-Hasani MK, Mikhail AI, Kearney E, Lapworth R, et al. Non-specialist management of acute renal failure. QJM. 2001 Oct;94(10):533-40.
  9. Khan IH, Catto GR, Edward N, Macleod AM. Acute renal failure: factors influencing nephrology referral and outcome. QJM. 1997 Dec;90(12):781-5.
  10. Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, Prescott G, Townend J, Smith W, et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Apr;18(4):1292-8.
  11. Der Mesropian PJ, Kalamaras JS, Eisele G, Phelps KR, Asif A, Mathew RO. Long-term outcomes of community-acquired versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a retrospective analysis. Clin Nephrol. 2014 Mar;81(3):174-84.
  12. Office of Health Economics. 2012.
  13. Carr S, Selby N. Improving the outcome of AKI: Intervention into the community 2012.
  14. Ftouh S, Thomas M. Acute kidney injury: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2013;347:f4930.
  15. Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis. JAMA. 1996 May 15;275(19):1489-94.
  16. Praught ML, Shlipak MG. Are small changes in serum creatinine an important risk factor? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2005 May;14(3):265-70.
  17. Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Feb;21(2):345-52.
  18. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Bates S, Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jul;34(7):1913-7.
  19. Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Parikh CR. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Jun;53(6):961-73.
  20. Ricci Z, Cruz D, Ronco C. The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: A systematic review. Kidney Int. 2008 Mar;73(5):538-46.
  21. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, Bonventre JV, Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3365-70.
  22. NICE. Acute kidney injury: Prevention, detection and management of acute kidney injury up to the point of renal replacement therapy (CG 169). 2013.
  23. Wonnacott A, Meran S, Amphlett B, Talabani B, Phillips A. Epidemiology and Outcomes in Community-Acquired Versus Hospital-Acquired AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Mar 27.
  24. Coca SG. Acute kidney injury in elderly persons. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Jul;56(1):122-31.
  25. Abdel-Kader K, Palevsky PM. Acute kidney injury in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009 Aug;25(3):331-58.
  26. Ishani A, Xue JL, Himmelfarb J, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Molitoris BA, et al. Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Jan;20(1):223-8.
  27. Aitken E, Carruthers C, Gall L, Kerr L, Geddes C, Kingsmore D. Acute kidney injury: outcomes and quality of care. QJM. 2013 Apr;106(4):323-32.
  28. Forni LG, Dawes T, Sinclair H, Cheek E, Bewick V, Dennis M, et al. Identifying the patient at risk of acute kidney injury: a predictive scoring system for the development of acute kidney injury in acute medical patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;123(3-4):143-50.
  29. Cologne KG, Skiada D, Beale E, Inaba K, Senagore AJ, Demetriades D. Effects of diabetes mellitus in patients presenting with diverticulitis: clinical correlations and disease characteristics in more than 1,000 patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Mar;76(3):704-9.
  30. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005 Aug 17;294(7):813-8.
  31. Wan L, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Saotome T, May C, Bellomo R. Pathophysiology of septic acute kidney injury: what do we really know? Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4 Suppl):S198-203.
  32. Klenzak J, Himmelfarb J. Sepsis and the kidney. Crit Care Clin. 2005 Apr;21(2):211-22.
  33. Zarjou A, Agarwal A. Sepsis and acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jun;22(6):999-1006.
  34. Murugan R, Karajala-Subramanyam V, Lee M, Yende S, Kong L, Carter M, et al. Acute kidney injury in non-severe pneumonia is associated with an increased immune response and lower survival. Kidney Int. 2010 Mar;77(6):527-35.
  35. Pankhurst T, Mani D, Ray D, Jham S, Borrows R, Coleman JJ, et al. Acute Kidney Injury following Unselected Emergency Admission: Role of the Inflammatory Response, Medication and Co-Morbidity. Nephron Clin Pract. 2014;126(1):81-9.
  36. Clase CM, Mann JF. Adding lisinopril to losartan increased hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury in type 2 diabetes and proteinuria. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):JC3.
  37. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013 Jul;34(28):2159-219.
  38. Schneider V, Levesque LE, Zhang B, Hutchinson T, Brophy JM. Association of selective and conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with acute renal failure: A population-based, nested case-control analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Nov 1;164(9):881-9.
  39. Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014 Mar;23(2):155-60.
  40. Schissler MM, Zaidi S, Kumar H, Deo D, Brier ME, McLeish KR. Characteristics and outcomes in community-acquired versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013 Mar;18(3):183-7.
  41. McGee S, Abernethy WB, 3rd, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA. 1999 Mar 17;281(11):1022-9.
  42. Sinert R, Spektor M. Evidence-based emergency medicine/rational clinical examination abstract. Clinical assessment of hypovolemia. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Mar;45(3):327-9.
  43. Preiss DJ, Godber IM, Lamb EJ, Dalton RN, Gunn IR. The influence of a cooked-meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration rate. Ann Clin Biochem. 2007 Jan;44(Pt 1):35-42.
  44. Jacobsen FK, Christensen CK, Mogensen CE, Andreasen F, Heilskov NS. Pronounced increase in serum creatinine concentration after eating cooked meat. Br Med J. 1979 Apr 21;1(6170):1049-50.
  45. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, et al. Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1934-43.
  46. Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD. Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int. 1985 Nov;28(5):830-8.
  47. Berglund F, Killander J, Pompeius R. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in man. J Urol. 1975 Dec;114(6):802-8.
  48. Delanaye P, Mariat C, Cavalier E, Maillard N, Krzesinski JM, White CA. Trimethoprim, creatinine and creatinine-based equations. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;119(3):c187-93; discussion c93-4.
  49. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266.
  50. Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Uremia. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1316-25.
  51. Johnson WJ, Hagge WW, Wagoner RD, Dinapoli RP, Rosevear JW. Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972 Jan;47(1):21-9.
  52. Alfonzo A, Soar J, Nolan J, Mactier R, Shilliday I, Fox J, et al. Treatment of Acute Hyperkalaemia in Adults. Renal Association; 2014; Available from: https://renal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/hyperkalaemia-guideline-1.pdf
  53. Goddard J, Harris K, Turner N. Haematuria. Renal Association; 2009
  54. Carter JL, Tomson CR, Stevens PE, Lamb EJ. Does urinary tract infection cause proteinuria or microalbuminuria? A systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006 Nov;21(11):3031-7.
  55. British National Formulary.  2014; 
  56. Lafrance JP, Miller DR. Selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute kidney injury. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 Oct;18(10):923-31.
  57. Lapi F, Azoulay L, Yin H, Nessim SJ, Suissa S. Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2013;346:e8525.
  58. Blakeman T, Harding S, O'Donoghue D. Acute kidney injury in the community: why primary care has an important role. Br J Gen Pract. 2013 Apr;63(609):173-4.
  59. Yale JF. Oral antihyperglycemic agents and renal disease: new agents, new concepts. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Mar;16 Suppl 1:S7-10.
  60. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):193-203.
  61. NICE. Type 2 diabetes (partially updated by CG87) (CG66). 2008.
  62. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(4):CD002967.
  63. Bodmer M, Meier C, Krahenbuhl S, Jick SS, Meier CR. Metformin, sulfonylureas, or other antidiabetes drugs and the risk of lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia: a nested case-control analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008 Nov;31(11):2086-91.
  64. Shaw JS, Wilmot RL, Kilpatrick ES. Establishing pragmatic estimated GFR thresholds to guide metformin prescribing. Diabet Med. 2007 Oct;24(10):1160-3.
  65. Arroyo D, Melero R, Panizo N, Goicoechea M, Rodriguez-Benitez P, Vinuesa SG, et al. Metformin-associated acute kidney injury and lactic acidosis. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:749653.
  66. Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE. Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):1431-7.
  67. NICE. Type 2 diabetes: The management of type 2 diabetes. 2009.
  68. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012 Jun;35(6):1364-79.
  69. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes and CKD: 2012 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Nov;60(5):850-86.
  70. Lubowsky ND, Siegel R, Pittas AG. Management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Nov;50(5):865-79.
  71. Campbell DB, Lavielle R, Nathan C. The mode of action and clinical pharmacology of gliclazide: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1991;14 Suppl 2:S21-36.
  72. McGill JB, Sloan L, Newman J, Patel S, Sauce C, von Eynatten M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal impairment: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2013 Feb;36(2):237-44.
  73. Bock HA, Frolich JC, Ritz R, Brunner FP. Effects of intravenous aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis and kidney function in intensive care patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1986;1(3):164-9.
  74. de Gaetano G, Bucchi F, Gambino MC, Cerletti C. Does oral aspirin spare the kidney? Lancet. 1986 Mar 29;1(8483):736.
  75. Baigent C, Landray M, Leaper C, Altmann P, Armitage J, Baxter A, et al. First United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-I) study: biochemical efficacy and safety of simvastatin and safety of low-dose aspirin in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Mar;45(3):473-84.
  76. Yao L, Young N, Liu H, Li Z, Sun W, Goldhammer J, et al. Evidence for Preoperative Aspirin Improving Major Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Cohort Study. Ann Surg. 2014 Apr 16.
  77. Chen J, Shetty S, Zhang P, Gao R, Hu Y, Wang S, et al. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 down-regulates inflammatory responses and protects against endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Apr 4.
  78. Grotz W, Siebig S, Olschewski M, Strey CW, Peter K. Low-dose aspirin therapy is associated with improved allograft function and prolonged allograft survival after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2004 Jun 27;77(12):1848-53.
  79. Anderson BJ. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): mechanisms of action. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Oct;18(10):915-21.
  80. Arora P, Kolli H, Nainani N, Nader N, Lohr J. Preventable risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012 Aug;26(4):687-97.
  81. Singh I, Rajagopalan S, Srinivasan A, Achuthan S, Dhamija P, Hota D, et al. Preoperative statin therapy is associated with lower requirement of renal replacement therapy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013 Aug;17(2):345-52.
  82. Allison SJ. Acute kidney injury: atorvastatin may reduce risk of contrast-induced AKI. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013 Feb;9(2):66.
  83. Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG. Acute kidney injury: Short-term statin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced AKI. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014 Jan;10(1):8-9.
  84. Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):804-17.
  85. Perazella MA, Markowitz GS. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Aug;6(8):461-70.
  86. Geevasinga N, Coleman PL, Webster AC, Roger SD. Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 May;4(5):597-604.
  87. Prescott AM, Lewington A, O'Donoghue D. Acute kidney injury: top ten tips. Clin Med. 2012 Aug;12(4):328-32.

Previous

Eich preifatrwydd

Mae'r wefan hon yn defnyddio cwcis er mwyn sicrhau eich bod yn cael y profiad gorau, dylech dderbyn y rhain fel y gallwn ddarparu gwasanaeth mwy dibynadwy.

I ddarganfod mwy, darllen ein polisi preifatrwydd a pholisi cwcis.

Rheoli dewisiadau